Hash*toxicosis (Htx) is the initial hyperthyroid stage in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, an autoimmune disease that causes thyroid swelling. In the early stages of Hashimoto's disease, the thyroid may make too much thyroid hormone (hyperthyroidism) before not making enough of it (hypothyroidism).
The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped organ that sits at the base of your neck. A part of your endocrine system, the thyroid's primary function is to produce hormones that govern your metabolism and help convert food into energy.
In Hashimoto's thyroiditis, the body’s immune system misfires and creates antibodies that attack the thyroid. This can cause an initial over-production of thyroid hormone and symptoms of hyperthyroidism. This is known as hash*toxicosis.
This article discusses hash*toxicosis. It explains the causes, symptoms, and diagnosis of hash*toxicosis and how it is diagnosed and treated.
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Symptoms
The thyroid gland affects nearly all critical functions of the body, including respiration, heart rate, brain function and mood, the development of the nervous system. It also helps regulate weight management, cholesterol levels, energy and strength, skin, hair, and eye health, menstrual cycles, gastrointestinal function, and even more.
The amount of functions the thyroid performs serves as an indicator of the issues that could arise if it malfunctions. The signs and symptoms of Htx may appear very similar to mild to moderate cases of hyperthyroidism. These signs and symptoms might include:
- Presence of a hard but painless goiter
- Sweating
- Tremoring hands
- Increased appetite
- Difficulty sleeping
- Weight loss
- Fatigue
- Intolerance to heat
- Irregular or fast heartbeat
- Feelings of nervousness or irritability
- Changes in mood
- Increase in the frequency of bowel movements or diarrhea
Causes
Htx occurs due to an inflammatory autoimmune process, which destroys thyroid follicles or cells and releases an abundance of thyroid hormones into the bloodstream. The reasons why some people develop autoimmune thyroid diseases in the first place, however, is a little more difficult to answer.
Researchers are unsure about what triggers an autoimmune disease, however, precipitating factors like genetics, exposure to bacteria and viruses, and environmental influences are likely at the top of the list.
There are also contributing factors that may make you more prone to developing an autoimmune thyroid condition, including sex, age, and personal and family medical history. For example, women are more likely than men to develop autoimmune diseases, and the onset of the illness often occurs in middle age between 40 and 60 years.
Additionally, if you have a family member who’s been diagnosed with an autoimmune thyroid condition, or you’ve already been diagnosed with an autoimmune disease, your chances of having an autoimmune thyroid condition increase, too.
Diagnosis
A diagnosis of Htx may be made using a variety of criteria.
Physical Exam
During a physical exam, your healthcare provider will take a detailed medical history, listen to your symptoms, and evaluate you for clues as to what might be going on. Your healthcare provider may assess whether your reflexes are overactive or underactive, observe skin changes, palpate the thyroid gland, and take your heart rate.
A Thyroid Panel
A thyroid panel consists of various blood tests that look at how well your thyroid gland is functioning; it can aid in the diagnosis of whether you are in a state of hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism. The healthcare provider might order tests such as thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), T4, T3, and an antibody test.
If an antibody test is positive, this may indicate that your immune system is attacking your thyroid gland.
In this case, the symptoms you’ve been experiencing might be due to the presence of autoimmune thyroid disease.
Imaging Tests
Additionally, imaging tests can be an integral part of determining the cause of thyroid issues. Your healthcare provider may order other tests (like an ultrasound or a thyroid scan) if nodules are found or the size and shape of your thyroid need to be more closely assessed.
Typically, the tests are done by a technician, and a radiologist will review the findings and provide your healthcare provider with a report.
Treatment
If the condition is caught in an active phase, beta-blockers may be used, which can treat some of the symptoms caused by the increased production of thyroid hormones. This is at least until the condition resolves or a state of hypothyroidism develops.
A Word From Verywell
Any type of thyroid condition can make you feel unwell. In addition, your treatment may need to be adjusted periodically to keep you feeling your best. The good news is that with medications and proper monitoring of Htx, you can reach a point of stability.
Sources
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read our editorial process to learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
Johns Hopkins Medicine. Thyroid Gland.
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Hyperthyroidism (Overactive Thyroid).
Shahbaz A, Aziz K, Umair M, Sachmechi I. Prolonged Duration of Hash*toxicosis in a Patient with Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis: A Case Report and Review of Literature. Cureus. 2018 Jun; 10(6): e2804. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.2804
Unnikrishnan AG. Hash*toxicosis: A clinical perspective. Thyroid Research & Practice. 2013; 10(4): 5-6.
:max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Jenny-Lelwica-Buttaccio-OTRL-1000-4d4b1eba19e6445f95186f6596a5c938.jpg "Hash*toxicosis: Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment (2)")
By Jenny Lelwica Buttaccio, OTR/L
Jenny Lelwica Buttaccio, OTR/L, is a licensed occupational therapist and advocate for patients with Lyme disease.
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